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Lithium LIFEPO4 batteries Li-ion batteries Energy storage system

2023-01-13

To avoid safety issues of lithium metal, Armand suggested to construct Li-ion batteries using two different intercalation hosts. The first Li-ion intercalation based graphite electrode was reported by Besenhard showing that graphite can intercalate several alkali-metal ions including Li-ions. Graphite intercalates Li-ions based on a layered structure with half-filled pz orbitals perpendicular to the planes that can interact with the Li 2s orbitals to limit volume expansion and dendrite growth. However, the specific capacity of graphite (LiC6, 0.372 Ah g–1)is much smaller than that of lithium metal. It was until a total recall of lithium metal batteries by Moli Energy after several fire accidents that intercalation materials such as graphite were increasingly viewed as a viable anode in the race to replace lithium metal for better safety. At that time, co-intercalation of electrolyte (propylene carbonate PC) led to exfoliation and collapse of the graphite , posing a challenge for its application in a battery cell.

In 1985, Akira Yoshino at Asahi Kasei Corporation discovered that petroleum coke, a less graphitized carbon from the residual of petroleum fractionation, can reversibly intercalate Li-ions at a low potential of ~0.5 V relative to Li+ /Li without structural destruction. Its structural stability originates from the amorphous carbon regions in petroleum coke serving as covalent joints to pin the layers together. Although the amorphous nature of petroleum coke limits capacity compared to graphite (~Li0.5C6, 0.186 Ah g–1), it became the first commercial intercalation anode for Li-ion batteries owing to its cycling stability.

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